The State of New York Public Education, 2014

A NYCAN RESEARCH REPORT

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The State of NY Public Education

Preface

2014 was a year of challenge and change in New York State and New York City education. 2015 presents as many opportunities as it does stumbling blocks to design and implement public policy that ensures all kids in the Empire State have a chance at a great education, regardless of their address or who their parents are.

With this in mind, NYCAN presents this State of Education report for 2015—culled from state and national gold-standard data—so that the facts have a level playing field upon which to play. Too often we argue over conjecture and hokum about who runs our schools, who attends them, and how our students perform. At NYCAN, we believe in the power of data to drive conversations about change and to catalyze discussions about how to move forward.

Change does not come without will and effort and it does not come easily, ever. We may not always agree on every policy or strategy to transform our schools, but our children are the most precious thing we have as a society; and giving every New York student a world-class education is as much a moral and social imperative as it is an educational one.

The students

The first step to understanding our school system is understanding who it serves. Find out more about the students who attend our schools, including their demographic breakdown and the kinds of schools they’re enrolled in.

Who we’re educating

Demographic breakdown, 2012–20131

Where our students attend school, 2014–20152

Big 5 enrollment, 2012–20133

Charter school enrollment (3rd-8th grade), 2012–20134

The system

Take a look at the system we’ve built for our students: how we prepare them for kindergarten, whom we’ve hired to fill our classrooms, the laws schools and educators must abide by and how much we spend on it all.

Who’s teaching

New York teachers by the numbers, 2011–2012

Demographic breakdown5

New York school policies

Teacher staffing policies

Teacher evaluation7

In 2010 and 2012, the New York legislature passed laws establishing new teacher evaluation requirements for school districts.8 The laws required that, starting in the 2011–2012 school year for fourth- through eighth-grade English-language arts and math teachers, and in the 2012–2013 school year for all other teachers, teachers were to begin receiving annual professional performance reviews (APPRs) that rate performance based on multiple measures of teacher effectiveness including student achievement growth. For teachers of grades and subjects with a state assessment and state-developed measure of student learning growth (currently fourth- to eighth-grade English-language arts and math), the state-developed growth score comprises 20 percent of the total performance rating. For teachers of other grades and subjects, an alternate measure of student learning growth based on a state-approved district-wide goal-setting process (student learning objectives) comprises 20 percent of the performance rating.9 An additional 20 percent of all teachers’ performance ratings is based on rigorous, locally selected measures of student achievement that are comparable across classrooms.10 The remaining 60 percent is based on observations of classroom practice using a state-approved rubric. Districts must submit their finalized evaluation model to the Commissioner for approval.

Each teacher receives an overall performance rating of highly effective, effective, developing or ineffective. Districts are required to use these results as a significant factor in professional development, as well as in personnel decisions such as tenure, retention, promotion, supplemental compensation and dismissal. Teachers rated developing or ineffective must participate in a teacher improvement plan (TIP).

Teacher tenure

First-time New York teachers may be awarded tenure after a three-year probationary period or after two years of regular substitute teaching and a one-year probationary period.12 The new teacher evaluation law requires districts to use performance ratings as a significant factor in personnel decisions, including tenure, but districts must still determine the definition of “significant.”13 The new evaluation law also allows districts to consider teachers who receive two consecutive ineffective ratings for dismissal through an expedited hearing process.14

When districts must downsize for budget or other reasons, New York requires districts to lay off teachers in inverse order of seniority, with the least senior teachers laid off first. New York is one of eleven states that require some or all districts to use this “last in, first out” or LIFO layoff policy.15

Teacher compensation

Districts establish teacher compensation policies in New York. There is no statewide salary schedule and no statewide policies that support differentiated compensation systems based on teacher effectiveness. However, in 2010, New York received a federal Teacher Incentive Fund (TIF) grant that currently supports performance-based compensation programs in 68 high-need schools over a five-year period.16

New York ranked first nationally in average annual public school teacher salary in 2012–2013 (although this figure does not take into consideration cost-of-living differences across states).17

Teacher certification

To earn initial certification to teach in New York, candidates must complete a state-approved teacher preparation program and pass certification exams measuring basic knowledge and skills, proficiency in teaching theory and practice and subject-specific content knowledge.18 Candidates also must pass the edTPA, an assessment requiring candidates to submit a portfolio of work from an instructional unit taught to a class of students, including instructional video clips, lesson plans and student work samples. However, candidates applying for initial certification prior to June 30, 2015 who do not pass the edTPA but still meet all other requirements may earn certification by passing an alternative written exam.19

New York has three alternative routes to certification: The Alternative Teacher Preparation program (Transitional B), the Intensive Program (Transitional C) and the Transitional G. These pathways allow candidates to bypass traditional preparation programs, but they still place requirements on certification receipt. For example, Transitional B applicants must have a 3.0 GPA, Transitional C applicants must have an advanced academic or professional degree and Transitional G applicants must have an advanced degree in a STEM field and two years of teaching experience at a post-secondary institution. All alternative certification candidates must pass basic skills and content knowledge exams.20

Evaluations of teacher effectiveness are not considered in licensure advancement decisions in New York.21

Public charter school policies22

Public charter school caps

There is a statutory cap on the number of charter schools in New York. The law originally included a cap of 200 charters statewide (almost all of which have been issued) and a 2010 amendment allowed for 260 more, bringing the total number of charter schools to 460. Of the 260 allowed by the 2010 amendment, a maximum of 114 charters may be issued for New York City. There is no cap on the number of conversions of traditional public schools to charter schools.

Authorizers

Applications for new charter schools may be submitted to the state education department or to the Charter Schools Institute at the State University of New York (SUNY). The Board of Regents ultimately issues charters in the state.23

Accountability

Charter school authorizers are required to monitor student outcomes and finances of the schools they authorize and provide notification to the schools of any problems. The schools are required to submit annual reports and make them publicly available. When necessary, if the requirements of a remedial plan are not met, the charter may be revoked and the school closed. All renewal and closure decisions must be made at meetings open to the public.

Facilities

In New York, charter schools have access to a discretionary fund for start-up and facilities costs and are considered a public agent eligible for certain tax-exempt financing programs. Schools with charters issued under the 2010 allotment must have their facilities approved by the state education department or be granted a waiver. In New York City, many charter schools are co-located with other public schools. Amendments to the charter law in 2014 make specific provisions for facilities access or rental assistance for charter schools in New York City.24 The assistance is currently only available to co-located schools (those sharing public space) in New York City.

Funding

Charter schools in New York receive per-pupil funding from the local school district in which the charter school is located, according to statutory funding guidelines.25

In New York, charter school funding lags behind traditional public school funding. According to a recent study, when all funding streams are considered, the average charter school receives $15,920 per-pupil, while the average district school receives $21,152 in per-pupil funding (24.7 percent less).26

New york and the Common Core State Standards27

More than 40 states have adopted the Common Core State Standards in English and math, and one state—Minnesota—has adopted the English standards only.

Pre-K access

A glimpse at preschool access in New York

National Institute of Early Education Research: The State of Preschool, 201328

103,347
Total state program enrollment
40,975
Number of students enrolled in federally funded Head Start programs
0
Number of students enrolled in state-funded Head Start programs
0%
Percentage of 3-year-olds enrolled in state pre-K programs
8%
Percentage of 3-year-olds enrolled in Head Start programs
27/27
National Institute for Early Education Research’s access ranking for 3-year-olds
45%
Percentage of 4-year-olds enrolled in state pre-K programs
10%
Percentage of 4-year-olds enrolled in Head Start programs
10/41
National Institute for Early Education Research’s access ranking for 4-year-olds

Charter School Geography

New York Counties and the Number of Charter Schools They Have, 2014–201529

The Cost

New York spends a significant amount of money on education. The state is consistently either first or second in K-12 spending in America. The national K-12 average is $10,608 per pupil.30

Per pupil spending, 201231

How per pupil funding was allocated in 201232

How the system is working

We now know who our students are, where they are going to school and how much we spend on it all. But are these systems working? Let’s explore New York’s K-12 education system and find out how well students are learning each step of the way.

elementary school

Over the last decade, student achievement has improved across the board for almost all elementary school students on the Nation’s Report Card, but only modestly. Since 2003, average student performance across all fourth-graders has increased by seven percentage points in math and three percentage points in reading, resulting in performance rates that are lower than many of our neighboring states.

But these gains are too small and not enough, and still too many of our students are falling behind early in their school careers. On the most recent New York State Assessments—which are now aligned with the Common Core State Standards—only 32 percent of all fourth-graders scored proficient or above in reading. This means that nearly 70 percent of all fourth-graders are already behind and not reading on grade level. These numbers are much worse for our students of color–only 20 percent of black and Latino fourth-graders met or exceeded the proficiency benchmark, compared to 40 percent of their white peers. To put these percentages in context, a student who does not read on grade level by the end of third grade is four times more likely not to graduate from high school than a student who does.33

New York State Assessment proficiency, 4th grade34–35

Percentage of NY 4th-graders proficient or advanced in 2014

New York State Assessment proficiency, 4th grade, charter schools36–37

Percentage of NY 4th-graders proficient or advanced in 2014, charter schools

NAEP proficiency, 4th grade37–38

Percentage of NY 4th-graders proficient or advanced on the Nation’s Report Card in 2013

Trial Urban District Assessment proficiency, 4th grade39

TUDA is a subset of the Nation’s Report Card that looks at math, reading, science and writing assessments across large districts in the United States.

Percentage of New York City 4th-graders proficient or advanced, 2013

District comparison40–41

Percentage of NY 4th-graders proficient or advanced on the NY State Assessment, 2014

Regional Comparison42

Percentage of 4th-graders proficient or advanced on the Nation's Report Card, 2013

  National New York Connecticut Massachusetts New Jersey Pennsylvania
 
Math 41 40 45 58 49 44
Reading 34 37 43 47 42 40
  Math Reading
National 41 34
New York 40 37
Connecticut 45 43
Massachusetts 58 47
New Jersey 49 42
Pennsylvania 44 40

Trial Urban District Assessment proficiency, 4th grade43

Percentage of 4th-graders proficient or advanced, 2013
City to city comparison

Nation's Report Card trends44

Percentage of NY 4th-graders proficient or advanced on the Nation’s report Card, Math and Reading

Proficiency gaps

A proficiency gap represents the difference in proficiency rates between two groups of students. In New York, for example, a much higher proportion of white students score proficient or advanced on state and national tests compared to their black peers: On the 2013 Nation's Report Card, the proportion of white fourth-graders who scored at least proficient in math exceeded the proportion of black fourth-graders who scored proficient or above by a whopping 33 percentage points.

NY State Assessment proficiency gap, 4th grade

The difference in proficiency rates between white students and students of color, and low-income students and non-low-income students (in percentage points)

Nation’s Report Card proficiency gap, 4th grade

The difference in proficiency rates between white students and students of color, and low-income students and non-low-income students (in percentage points)

Achievement gaps

Achievement gaps show the difference in average student performance on the Nation’s Report Card (also known as “scale scores”) between different subgroups.

Nation’s Report Card achievement gap, 4th grade45

The scale score difference in student achievement between white students and students of color, and low-income students and non-low-income students

  White/Black White/Latino Low-income/Non-low-income
Math 23.4 19.3 20.6
Reading 22.3 22.9 26.4
  Math Reading
White/Black 23.4 22.3
White/Latino 19.3 22.9
Low-income/Non-low-income 20.6 26.4

middle school

Our middle school performance on the Nation’s Report Card has remained stagnant in both math and reading since 2003, posting no gains in the last 10 years. What’s more, there is at least a 25-percentage point gap in proficiency between eighth-grade minority students and white students and low-income students and their wealthier peers in both reading and math on the Nation's Report Card. And when we compare fourth-grade scores to eighth-grade scores, we see a significant middle school decline, meaning that the longer kids stay in our public schools, particularly kids of color, the worse they do.

Equally alarming, only 22 percent of all eighth-graders in New York scored proficient or above on the New York State Assessment. This means that nearly 80 percent of eighth-graders are not ready for high school math. And when broken down by district, these numbers are only more distressing. Excluding New York City, not one of the big five districts posted proficiency rates of more than 21 percent in reading and math. In fact, in both Rochester and Syracuse, just one percent of all eighth-graders scored proficient or better in math and less than 10 percent met the proficiency benchmark in reading.

New York State Assessment proficiency, 8th grade46–47

Percentage of NY 8th-graders proficient or advanced in 2014

New York State Assessment proficiency, 8th grade, charter schools48–49

Percentage of NY 8th-graders proficient or advanced in 2014, charter schools

NAEP proficiency, 8th grade49–50

Percentage of NY 8th-graders proficient or advanced on the Nation’s Report Card in 2013

Trial Urban District Assessment proficiency, 8th grade51

Percentage of New York City 8th-graders proficient or advanced, 2013

District comparison52–53

Percentage of NY 8th-graders proficient or advanced on the NY State Assessment, 2014

Regional Comparison54

Percentage of 8th-graders proficient or advanced on the Nation’s Report Card in 2013

  National New York Connecticut Massachusetts New Jersey Pennsylvania
 
Math 34 32 37 55 49 42
Reading 34 35 45 48 46 42
  Math Reading
National 34 34
New York 32 35
Connecticut 37 45
Massachusetts 55 48
New Jersey 49 46
Pennsylvania 42 42

Trial Urban District Assessment proficiency, 8th grade55

Percentage of 8th-graders proficient or advanced, 2013
City to city comparison

Nation’s Report Card trends56

Percentage of NY 8th-graders proficient or advanced on the Nation’s Report Card, Math and Reading

NY State Assessment proficiency gap, 8th grade

The difference in proficiency rates between white students and students of color, and low-income students and non-low-income students (in percentage points)

Nation’s Report Card proficiency gap, 8th grade

The difference in proficiency rates between white students and students of color, and low-income students and non-low-income students (in percentage points)

Nation’s Report Card achievement gaps: 8th grade57

The scale score difference in student achievement between white students and students of color, and low-income students and non-low-income students

  White/Black White/Latino Low-income/Non-low-income
Math 32.2 28.5 24.1
Reading 24.6 24.6 24.4
  Math Reading
White/Black 32.2 24.6
White/Latino 28.5 24.6
Low-income/Non-low-income 24.1 24.4

high school

Unfortunately, the achievement disparities continue for New York high school students from New York Regents Exam performance to graduation rates. On the 2013 New York Regents Exams, there is more than a 15 percentage-point gap between white students and students of color in both reading and math. Graduation rates tell a similar story; 87 percent of white students in the class of 2013 graduated in four years compared to an alarmingly low 60 percent of black students and 59 percent of Latino students.

NY State Regents Exams proficiency, 2012–201358

Class of 2013 total cohort results after four years of instruction, proficient and advanced

District comparison59–60

Class of 2013 total cohort results after four years of instruction, proficient and advanced

NY State Assessment proficiency gap, Class of 2013

The difference in proficiency rates between white students and students of color, and low-income students and non-low-income students (in percentage points)

4-year cohort graduation rate, Class of 201362–63

Percentage of students who graduated, by subgroup

Percentage of students who graduated, by year64

Students’ participation and success on Advanced Placement exams, 201365

Percentage of graduates leaving high school having taken an AP exam

Percentage of graduates scoring 3+ on an AP exam at any point in high school

Advanced Placement Exams, Regional Comparison66–70

Percentage of the class of 2013 scoring a 3 or higher on an Advanced Placement Exam in high school

College entrance exams

Just as there are gaps between the academic performance of white students and students of color, there are also gaps in the likelihood that those students will take—and do well on—college entrance exams. For the class of 2014, only 43 percent of seniors nationwide met the college readiness benchmark on the SAT. But even more sobering is the fact that only 16 percent of black students met this benchmark.87

But lacking college readiness knowledge is not just a faraway problem–it’s a problem in New York as well. The mean SAT score for all students in New York is below the college readiness benchmark. This means that far too many seniors who hope to go to college are not ready for rigorous college material.

Trends in SAT participation71–76

Total number of students in graduating class who took the SAT at any point in high school

Trends in SAT scores77–79

1550 is the college and career-readiness benchmark total score.

comparison of SAT performance, 201380–84

1550 is the college and career-readiness benchmark total score.

ACT

Percentage of New York ACT takers meeting college readiness benchmarks85

Percentage of New York ACT takers meeting college readiness benchmarks, 201486

After graduation

The ultimate goal of New York’s school system is to prepare all of its graduates to thrive in the post-high school world—whether they’re going to college or entering directly into the workforce. So, are we meeting that goal? To find out, we look at how well New York students do on college entrance exams, the rate at which they graduate from college, and what they can expect to earn in their lifetimes.

College completion

While the proportion of New York students who graduate on time from four-year public universities is above the national average, it trails other neighboring states such as New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Black students are least likely to graduate from four-year universities, while white and Asian students have the best chance to succeed. Across all groups, the graduation rate for two-year public colleges is significantly lower than the graduation rate for four-year public universities.

Graduation rate87–88

Regional graduation rate89





EXPECTED EARNINGS & JOBS

In general, the more education you’ve had, the more you’re likely to make—which is why it is so important to set our students up for success after high school. In New York, those with a bachelor’s degree take home an annual salary that is, on average, more than double what those who have not gone beyond high school earn.

Average yearly earnings by educational attainment in New York91

Data from 2011 Census

  High school dropout High school graduate Some college Bachelor's degree and above
$ $10,190 $24,934 $28,503 $61,987
  $
High school dropout $10,190
High school graduate $24,934
Some college $28,503
Bachelor's degree and above $61,987

U.S. average lifetime earnings by educational attainment, 200892

New York job openings93

By skill level, 2012-2022 (projected)

Conclusion

The facts in this report make a few things clear: the stage is set for our students to be successful. But one of the reasons for success has been our relentless commitment to the transformation of the system and an expansion of educational opportunity for all students. In order to continue moving forward in 2015, we need every New Yorker’s help. In 2012, NYCAN was founded on the belief that every child can achieve at high levels and deserves a great education regardless of their address or who their parents are. We will work to bring you the facts and tell you which policies we believe will continue to move the ball forward for kids in our state based on those values. In exchange, we hope you will use your voice to make great schools a reality for all our kids.

endnotes

  1. “NY State Public School Enrollment (2012–2013),” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/enrollment.php?year=2013&state=yes
  2. “2014–2015 School Directory and General Information (downloadable Excel file),” New York State Department of Education, accessed October 29, 2014, http://www.p12.nysed.gov/irs/schoolDirectory/
  3. “Big 5 Enrollment Totals by Subgroup 2012-13,” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://www.p12.nysed.gov/irs/statistics/enroll-n-staff/2013-14/Statewide-Enrollment-Statistics-By-Subgroup-2012-13-Big5.pdf
  4. “NY State Public School 3-8 ELA Assessments (2013-2014),” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/assessment38.php?state=yes&subject=ELA&year=2014&districtneeds%5B%5D=7&prof24=0. Note: Demographic information based on the number of students who took the 3rd-8th grade ELA assessments.
  5. “Schools and Staffing Survey: Table 1. Total Number of Public School Teachers and Percentage Distribution of School Teachers, by Race/Ethnicity and State: 2011–2012,” National Center for Education Statistics, accessed September 16, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/sass/tables/sass1112_2013314_t1s_001.asp
  6. “Schools and Staffing Survey: Table 2. Average Age and Median Age of Pubic School Teachers and Percentage Distribution of Teachers, by Age Category, Sex, and State: 2011–2012,” National Center for Education Statistics, accessed September 16, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/sass/tables/sass1112_2013314_t1s_002.asp
  7. “Guidance on New York’s Annual Professional Performance Review Laws and Regulations,” Engage NY (New York State Department of Education), pp. 7-13 and 116, accessed October 10, 2014, https://www.engageny.org/resource/guidance-on-new-york-s-annual-professional-performance-review-law-and-regulations. (To access the document, download the PDF at the bottom of the webpage).
  8. Chapter 103 of the Laws of 2010 established Education Law § 3012-c, and Chapter 21 of the Laws of 2012 amended § 3012-c to provide clearer and more rigorous guidance to school districts. Education Law § 3012-c may be accessed here: http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/LAWSSEAF.cgi?QUERYTYPE=LAWS+&QUERYDATA=$$EDN3012-C$$@TXEDN03012-C+&LIST=LAW+&BROWSER=EXPLORER+&TOKEN=38733959+&TARGET=VIEW (accessed October 20, 2014). Subsequent regulations 8 CRR-NY I 30-2 and 8 CRR-NY II E 100.2(0) further specified teacher evaluation requirements. 8 CRR-NY I 30-2 may be accessed here: https://govt.westlaw.com/nycrr/Browse/Home/NewYork/NewYorkCodesRulesandRegulations?guid=Idc8bd1c0e3a311e086f30000845b8d3e&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default) (accessed October 20, 2014). 8 CRR-NY II E 100.2(0) may be accessed here: https://govt.westlaw.com/nycrr/Document/I3652900bc22211ddb29d8bee567fca9f?viewType=FullText&originationContext=documenttoc&transitionType=CategoryPageItem&contextData=(sc.Default) (accessed October 20, 2014).
  9. This percentage will grow to 25 percent when the state develops a value-added model to replace the current student growth model.
  10. This percentage will decrease to 15 percent when the state develops a value-added model to replace the current student growth model (the value-added component will comprise 25 percent, whereas the current student growth model comprises 20 percent).
  11. N.Y. Educ. Law § 3012, accessed September 23, 2014, http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/LAWSSEAF.cgi?QUERYTYPE=LAWS+&QUERYDATA=$$EDN3012$$@TXEDN03012+&LIST=LAW+&BROWSER=BROWSER+&TOKEN=53429202+&TARGET=VIEW
  12. “Guidance on New York’s Annual Professional Performance Review Laws and Regulations.”
  13. N.Y. Educ. Law §§ 3012-c and 3020-a, accessed September 23, 2014, http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/LAWSSEAF.cgi?QUERYTYPE=LAWS+&QUERYDATA=@SLEDN0T4A61+&LIST=LAW+&BROWSER=BROWSER+&TOKEN=45583331+&TARGET=VIEW
  14. “New York,” savegreatteachers.com (StudentsFirst), accessed September 23, 2014, http://savegreatteachers.com/
  15. “2013 State Teacher Policy Yearbook: New York,” National Council on Teacher Quality, pp. 113, 124, accessed September 23, 2014, http://www.nctq.org/dmsView/2013_State_Teacher_Policy_Yearbook_New_York_NCTQ_Report.
  16. “Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: Selected years, 1969-70 through 2012-13 (Table 211.60),” National Center for Education Statistics: Digest of Education Statistics, 2013 Tables and Figures, accessed September 23, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d13/tables/dt13_211.60.asp
  17. “Search Certification Requirements,” Office of Teaching Initiatives, New York State Department of Education, accessed September 23, 2014, http://eservices.nysed.gov/teach/certhelp/CertRequirementHelp.do
  18. “edTPA Safety Net,” Office of Teaching Initiatives, New York State Department of Education, accessed October 20, 2014, http://www.highered.nysed.gov/tcert/certificate/certexamsedtpa.html
  19. “2013 State Teacher Policy Yearbook: New York,” National Council on Teacher Quality, p. 53, accessed September 23, 2014, http://www.nctq.org/dmsView/2013_State_Teacher_Policy_Yearbook_New_York_NCTQ_Report.
  1. “State of the States 2013: Connect the Dots: Using evaluations of teacher effectiveness to inform policy and practice,” National Council on Teacher Quality, p. 20, accessed September 23, 2014, http://www.nctq.org/dmsView/State_of_the_States_2013_Using_Teacher_Evaluations_NCTQ_Report.
  2. “Measuring up to the model,” National Alliance for Public Charter Schools, accessed September 26, 2014, http://www.publiccharters.org/get-the-facts/law-database/states/NY/
  3. “Changes to the State Charter Schools Law: A Guide for NYC Charter Schools,” New York City Charter School Center, accessed September 26, 2014, http://www.nyccharterschools.org/sites/default/files/resources/guide_to_new_charter_law_updated_092910_0.pdf
  4. “A Guide to New Provisions in State Law Affecting New York City Charter Schools,” New York City Charter School Center, accessed September 26, 2014. http://www.nyccharterschools.org/sites/default/files/resources/Guide_New_Law_FINAL.pdf
  5. “New York Charter Schools Act of 1998 (as amended),” New York City Charter School Center, accessed September 26, 2014, http://www.nyccharterschools.org/sites/default/files/resources/NYSCharterSchoolsActof1998_with2014amendments.pdf (Black-line version of the act displaying 2010 and 2014 amendments).
  6. Maloney, Larry, “Charter School Funding: Inequity Expands, New York Profile (April 2014),” University of Arkansas, accessed July 16, 2014, http://www.uaedreform.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/charter-funding-inequity-expands-ny.pdf
  7. “Standards in Your State,” Common Core State Standards Initiative, accessed September 26, 2014, http://www.corestandards.org/standards-in-your-state/
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  12. “Public Education Finances 2012,” United States Census Bureau, p. 8, accessed September 9, 2014, http://www2.census.gov/govs/school/12f33pub.pdf
  13. “Early Warning Confirmed: A Research Update on Third-Grade Reading,” The Annie E. Casey Foundation, p. 1 accessed November 11, 2014, http://www.aecf.org/m/resourcedoc/aecf-EarlyWarningConfirmedExecSummary-2013.pdf
  14. “NY State Public School 3-8 Mathematics Assessments (2013–2014),” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014,http://data.nysed.gov/assessment38.php?state=yes&subject=Mathematics&year=2014&grades%5B%5D=4&prof24=0
  15. “NY State Public School 3-8 ELA Assessments (2013-2014),” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/assessment38.php?state=yes&subject=ELA&year=2014&grades%5B%5D=4&prof24=0.
  16. “NY State Public School 3-8 Mathematics Assessments (2013-2014),” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/assessment38.php?state=yes&subject=Mathematics&year=2014&grades%5B%5D=4&districtneeds%5B%5D=7&prof24=0.
  17. “NY State Public School 3-8 ELA Assessments (2013-2014),” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/assessment38.php?state=yes&subject=ELA&year=2014&grades%5B%5D=4&districtneeds%5B%5D=7&prof24=0.
  18. “Mathematics 2013 State Snapshot Report: New York Grade 4 Public Schools,” The Nation’s Report Card, accessed September 9, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/subject/publications/stt2013/pdf/2014465NY4.pdf
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  20. “NAEP Data Explorer,” National Center for Education Statistics, accessed September 16, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/dataset.aspx
  21. “Districts: 3-8 Assessment Data,” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/lists.php?type=district
  22. “Districts: 2012–2013 Enrollment,” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/lists.php?type=district
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  25. “NAEP Data Explorer,” National Center for Education Statistics, accessed September 16, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/dataset.aspx
  26. “NAEP Data Explorer,” National Center for Education Statistics, accessed September 16, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/dataset.aspx
  27. “NY State Public School 3-8 Mathematics Assessments (2013–2014),” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/assessment38.php?state=yes&subject=Mathematics&year=2014&grades%5B%5D=8&prof24=0
  1. “NY State Public School 3-8 ELA Assessments (2013–2014),” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/assessment38.php?state=yes&subject=ELA&year=2014&grades%5B%5D=8&prof24=0
  2. “NY State Public School 3-8 Mathematics Assessments (2013-2014),” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/assessment38.php?state=yes&subject=Mathematics&year=2014&grades%5B%5D=8&districtneeds%5B%5D=7&prof24=0.
  3. “NY State Public School 3-8 ELA Assessments (2013-2014),” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/assessment38.php?state=yes&subject=ELA&year=2014&grades%5B%5D=8&districtneeds%5B%5D=7&prof24=0.
  4. “Mathematics 2013 State Snapshot Report: New York Grade 8 Public Schools,” The Nation’s Report Card, accessed September 9, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/subject/publications/stt2013/pdf/2014465NY8.pdf
  5. “Reading 2013 State Snapshot Report: New York Grade 8 Public Schools,” The Nation’s Report Card, accessed September 9, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/subject/publications/stt2013/pdf/2014464NY8.pdf
  6. “NAEP Data Explorer,” National Center for Education Statistics, accessed September 16, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/dataset.aspx
  7. “Districts: 3-8 Assessment Data,” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/lists.php?type=district
  8. “Districts: 2012–2013 Enrollment,” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/lists.php?type=district
  9. “NAEP Data Explorer,” National Center for Education Statistics, accessed September 16, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/dataset.aspx
  10. “NAEP Data Explorer,” National Center for Education Statistics, accessed September 16, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/dataset.aspx
  11. “NAEP Data Explorer,” National Center for Education Statistics, accessed September 16, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/dataset.aspx
  12. “NAEP Data Explorer,” National Center for Education Statistics, accessed September 16, 2014, http://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/naepdata/dataset.aspx
  13. “NY State - School Report Card Data (2012–2013),” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/reportcard.php?instid=800000081568&year=2013&createreport=1&cohort=1&secondELA=1&secondMATH=1
  14. “Districts: School Report Card Data 2012–2013,” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/lists.php?type=district
  15. NYC is not included because in 2012–2013, NYC was split up into 32 geographic districts and not listed as one NYC Public Schools as in 2013–2014.
  16. The New York State graduation rate calculation method was first adopted for the Cohort of 2001 (Class of 2005). The cohort consists of all students who first entered ninth grade in a given school year (e.g., the Cohort of 2005 entered ninth grade in the 2005-2006 school year). Graduates are defined as those students earning either a Local or Regents diploma and exclude those earning either a special education (IEP) diploma or GED. When available, graduation rates as of both June and August (including summer graduates) are reported. http://schools.nyc.gov/Accountability/data/GraduationDropoutReports/default.htm
  17. “2009 Cohort Graduation Rates Additional Slides,” New York State Department of Education, Slides 50, 76 and 81, accessed September 16, 2014, http://www.p12.nysed.gov/irs/pressRelease/20140623/home.html
  18. “2009 Cohort Graduation Rates Additional Slides,” New York State Department of Education, Slide 7, accessed September 16, 2014, http://www.p12.nysed.gov/irs/pressRelease/20140623/home.html
  19. “The 10th Annual AP Report to the Nation, State Supplement: New York,” College Board, accessed September 16, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/rtn/10th-annual/10th-annual-ap-report-state-supplement-new-york.pdf
  20. “The 10th Annual AP Report to the Nation, State Supplement: New York,” College Board, accessed September 16, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/rtn/10th-annual/10th-annual-ap-report-state-supplement-new-york.pdf
  21. “The 10th Annual AP Report to the Nation, State Supplement: Connecticut,” College Board, accessed September 16, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/rtn/10th-annual/10th-annual-ap-report-state-supplement-connecticut.pdf
  22. “The 10th Annual AP Report to the Nation, State Supplement: Massachusetts,” College Board, accessed September 16, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/rtn/10th-annual/10th-annual-ap-report-state-supplement-massachusetts.pdf
  23. “The 10th Annual AP Report to the Nation, State Supplement: New Jersey,” College Board, accessed September 16, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/rtn/10th-annual/10th-annual-ap-report-state-supplement-new-jersey.pdf
  1. “The 10th Annual AP Report to the Nation, State Supplement: Pennsylvania,” College Board, accessed September 16, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/rtn/10th-annual/10th-annual-ap-report-state-supplement-pennsylvania.pdf
  2. “The 10th Annual AP Report to the Nation," College Board, pp. 10-11, accessed September 16, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/rtn/10th-annual/10th-annual-ap-report-to-the-nation-single-page.pdf.
  3. "2014 College Board Program Results: SAT," College Board, accessed January 29, 2014, https://www.collegeboard.org/program-results/2014/sat.
  4. “The New York State Report Card: Accountability and Overview Report 2005-06,” New York State Department of Education, p. 2, accessed September 16, 2014, https://reportcards.nysed.gov/statewide/2006statewideAOR.pdf
  5. “2006 College-Bound Seniors State Profile Report: New York,” College Board, p. 1, accessed September 9, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/cb-seniors-2006-new-york.pdf
  6. “The New York State Report Card: Accountability and Overview Report 2009-10,“ New York State Department of Education, p. 2, accessed September 16, 2014, https://reportcards.nysed.gov/statewide/2010statewideAOR.pdf
  7. “2010 College-Bound Seniors State Profile Report: New York,” College Board, p. 1, accessed September 9, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/NY_10_03_03_01.pdf
  8. “NY State Public School Enrollment (2012–2013),” New York State Department of Education, accessed September 16, 2014, http://data.nysed.gov/enrollment.php?year=2013&state=yes
  9. “2013 College-Bound Seniors State Profile Report: New York,” College Board, p. 1, accessed September 9, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/2013/NY_13_03_03_01.pdf
  10. “2013 College-Bound Seniors State Profile Report: New York,” College Board, p. 1, accessed September 9, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/2013/NY_13_03_03_01.pdf
  11. “2010 College-Bound Seniors State Profile Report: New York,” College Board, p. 1, accessed September 9, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/NY_10_03_03_01.pdf
  12. “2006 College-Bound Seniors State Profile Report: New York,” College Board, p. 1, accessed September 9, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/cb-seniors-2006-new-york.pdf
  13. “2013 College-Bound Seniors State Profile Report: New York,” College Board, p. 1, accessed September 9, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/2013/NY_13_03_03_01.pdf
  14. “2013 College-Bound Seniors State Profile Report: Connecticut,” College Board, p. 1, accessed September 9, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/2013/CT_13_03_03_01.pdf
  15. “2013 College-Bound Seniors State Profile Report: Massachusetts,” College Board, p. 1, accessed September 9, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/2013/MA_13_03_03_01.pdf
  16. “2013 College-Bound Seniors State Profile Report: New Jersey,” College Board, p. 1, accessed September 9, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/2013/NJ_13_03_03_01.pdf.
  17. “2013 College-Bound Seniors State Profile Report: Pennsylvania,” College Board, p. 1, accessed September 9, 2014, http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/research/2013/PA_13_03_03_01.pdf.
  18. “ACT Profile Report: Graduating Class of 2014 New York,” ACT, p. 7, http://www.act.org/newsroom/data/2014/pdf/profile/NewYork.pdf
  19. “ACT Profile Report: Graduating Class of 2014 New York,” ACT, pp. 18-22, http://www.act.org/newsroom/data/2014/pdf/profile/NewYork.pdf
  20. “College Completion: New York Public Colleges (2-year),” The Chronicle of Higher Education, accessed September 9, 2014, http://collegecompletion.chronicle.com/state/#state=ny§or=public_two
  21. “College Completion: New York Public Colleges (4-year),” The Chronicle of Higher Education, accessed September 9, 2014, http://collegecompletion.chronicle.com/state/#state=ny§or=public_four
  22. “College Completion: New York Public Colleges (4-year),” The Chronicle of Higher Education, accessed September 9, 2014, http://collegecompletion.chronicle.com/state/#state=ny§or=public_four
  23. “New York’s College-and Career-Ready Commitment,” Achieve, accessed September 16, 2014, http://www.achieve.org/files/NewYork-CCR_FactSheet-Sept2012.pdf
  24. “New York,” Achieve, accessed January 13, 2014, http://www.achieve.org/new-york Note: click on the slide deck and view Slide 17 to access the data.
  25. “Middle-Skill Jobs State by State: New York,” National Skills Coalition, accessed September 16, 2014, http://www.nationalskillscoalition.org/resources/publications/file/middle-skill-fact-sheets-2014/NSC-New-York-MiddleSkillFS-2014.pdf